From laboratory of nature to your kitchen
Herb is any plant with leaves, seeds, or flowers used for flavouring, food, medicine, or perfume.
Spice an aromatic or pungent vegetable substance used to flavour food
http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/spice?view=uk)
Culinary herbs and spices are distinguished from vegetables because they are used in small amounts. Herbs usually come from the leafy part of a plant and are they are often used fresh. Spices can be obtained from seeds, fruits, roots, bark and usually they are not fresh but
sometimes the herbs are not distinguished from spices.Mediterranean Diet it was the natural way of life of many people around the Mediterranean Basin, especially in Spain, Italy and Greece (particularly in Crete island). One important aspect of this diet concerns cooking with native herbs and spices.
Young girl gathers crocus (Fresco from Santorini, Bronze Time)
SAFFRON ( Crocus sativus)
Crocos (Greece), Zaforan (Middle East) Zafferano (Italy), Azafran (Spain), safran (France)
The history of saffron cultivation reaches back more than 3,000 years as it seems that the specie Crocus sativus, emerged in late Bronze Age Crete. According to a Greek myth, Crocus was a dear friend of Greek god Hermes (Mercury) in Ancient Greece.
One day, while the two friends were throwing the disc to each other, Hermes hit Crocus on the head and wounded him fatally. Three drops of the blood that spilled on the earth transformed into a small flower with shiny stamens; the flower was named after Crocus to honor the Greek hero.
Another Greek myth said that Crocus was
a handsome mortal man who felt in love with the beautiful nymph Smilax. But his favours were rebuffed by Smilax, and he was turned into a beautiful purple crocus flower. Documentation of saffron's use over the span of 4,000 years in the treatment of some 90 illnesses has been uncovered the Sumerians used wild-growing saffron in their remedies and magical potions.CULINARY USE
Saffron is usually used in its dried form and is expensive as a spice and as an herbal supplement. Cooking with saffron is popular in the Middle East, Spain and Italy. It imparts a wonderful aroma as well as color to the food. Famous dishes with saffron are bouillabaisse (France) paella (Spain) Risotto (Italy). There are only 3 stigmas (referred to as saffron threads) per flower. In general, Saffron provides the characteristic flavor for many Mediterranean fish soups and stews icluding soups.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Saffron contains more than 150 volatile and aroma-yielding compounds. It also has many nonvolatile active components, many of which are carotenoids, including zeaxanthin, lycopene, and various
α- and β-carotenes. Its golden-orange color comes from the carotenoids it contains in abundance – including lycopenes – the compounds that make processed tomatoes so healthful, and beta-carotenes found in carrots.
Studies in rats showed that saffron has a protective role on ischemic hearts by biochemical and histopathological findings. It is considered also as a potential aphrodisiac as it showed a positive effect on sexual function with increased number and duration of erectile events seen in patients even only after taking it for ten days.
There is increasing evidence to suggest the possible efficacy of Crocus sativus (saffron) in the management of patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Resently studies showed that extracts of saffron and crocin may have interaction with the opioid system to reduce withdrawal syndrome (experiments in rats).
Antiradical properties of saffron extract and its bioactive constituents (crocins, crocetin) exhibit a remarkable intracellular antioxidant activity.
Intrestengly the , microbial contamination in saffron was markedly lower than it was in other spices.
References
1. Ordoudi SA, Befani CD, Nenadis N, Koliakos GG, Tsimidou MZ.Further examination of antiradical properties of Crocus sativus stigmas extract rich in
2. Hosseinzadeh H, Jahanian Z. Effect of crocus sativus L. (saffron) stigma and its constituents, crocin and safranal, crocins on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2009.
3. Cosano I, Pintado C, Acevedo O, Novella JL, Alonso GL, Carmona M, de la Rosa C, Rotger R.. Microbiological quality of saffron from the main producer countries. J Food Prot. 2009 Oct;72(10):2217-20.
4. Joukar S, Najafipour H, Khaksari M, Sepehri G, Shahrokhi N, Dabiri S, Gholamhoseinian A, Hasanzadeh S.The effect of saffron consumption on biochemical and histopathological heart indices of rats with myocardial infarction.Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2010
5. Akhondzadeh S, Shafiee Sabet M, Harirchian MH, Togha M, Cheraghmakani H, Razeghi S, Hejazi SS, Yousefi MH, Alimardani R, Jamshidi A, Rezazadeh SA, Yousefi A, Zare F, Moradi A, Vossoughi AA 22-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of Crocus sativus in the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010
USEFUL NOTES
*Saffron is hand harvested so you can understand why it is so prized and so expensive. More than 50,000 of these stigmas are needed to produce just 100 gr of red Saffron.
*You can, as a home remedy for good memory, to sprinkle a few flakes of saffron in a glass of milk and leave it overnight in the refrigerator. Drink it in the morning when it is yellow in color.
* Because of its expense, intense flavour, and strong dying properties, very little saffron is required for culinary purposes and the key is to distribute it evenly throughout the dish being prepared.
* It is easier to steep the saffron in wine or hot water or —Store in a cool dry place, out of the light and use small amounts.
BASIL (Ocimum basilicum)
Mediterranean cultivar is typically called sweet basil, has light green leaves as opposed "Asian basil" (Ocinum sanctum). Its name derived from Greek name “ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΟΣ» which means “Royal”.
CULINARY USE
Basil is one of the main ingredients in ‘pesto’, one of the popular Italian herbal sauces. In many culinary preparations, the basil is used fresh, in the frozen form, or as the dried basil powder in soups, it is used to flavor all kinds of fish dishes, to flavor omelets, it is used in salads and dressings, it is used as a stuffing, it is used in many kinds of pasta dishes, it is used on pizza, and it is also often mixed with many common vegetables such as the and with vegetables such as the zucchini. As an herbal flavoring and seasoning herb, the basil goes best with tomatoes, with which it is often served as accompaniment. The smaller leaves of the basil are typically used whole.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Basil herb contains many polyphenolic flavonoids like orientin and vicenin. These compounds were tested in vitro laboratory studies for possible anti-oxidant protection against radiation-induced lipid per-oxidation in mouse liver. It is also contain essential oils such as eugenol, citronellol, linalool, citral, limonene and terpineol. These compounds are known to have anti-inflammatory properties. The methanol (suspended with 5 ml deionized water) extracts of O.basilicum showed antimicrobial activity against microorganisms and caused degradation of the cell walls of sensitive bacteria. Basil herb contains exceptionally high levels of beta-carotene, vitamin A, cryptoxanthin, lutein and zea-xanthin. These compounds help act as protective scavengers against oxygen-derived free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that play a role in aging and various disease process. Basil herb contains good amount of minerals like potassium, manganese, copper, and magnesium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids which helps control heart rate and blood pressure. Manganese is used by the body as a co-factor for the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. Basil leaves are an excellent source of iron, contains 3.17 mg/100 g of fresh leaves (about 26% of RDA). Iron, being a component of hemoglobin inside the red blood cells, determines the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
Saffron is usually used in its dried form and is expensive as a spice and as an herbal supplement. Cooking with saffron is popular in the Middle East, Spain and Italy. It imparts a wonderful aroma as well as color to the food. Famous dishes with saffron are bouillabaisse (France) paella (Spain) Risotto (Italy). There are only 3 stigmas (referred to as saffron threads) per flower. In general, Saffron provides the characteristic flavor for many Mediterranean fish soups and stews icluding soups.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Saffron contains more than 150 volatile and aroma-yielding compounds. It also has many nonvolatile active components, many of which are carotenoids, including zeaxanthin, lycopene, and various
α- and β-carotenes. Its golden-orange color comes from the carotenoids it contains in abundance – including lycopenes – the compounds that make processed tomatoes so healthful, and beta-carotenes found in carrots.Studies in rats showed that saffron has a protective role on ischemic hearts by biochemical and histopathological findings. It is considered also as a potential aphrodisiac as it showed a positive effect on sexual function with increased number and duration of erectile events seen in patients even only after taking it for ten days.
There is increasing evidence to suggest the possible efficacy of Crocus sativus (saffron) in the management of patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Resently studies showed that extracts of saffron and crocin may have interaction with the opioid system to reduce withdrawal syndrome (experiments in rats).
Antiradical properties of saffron extract and its bioactive constituents (crocins, crocetin) exhibit a remarkable intracellular antioxidant activity.
Intrestengly the , microbial contamination in saffron was markedly lower than it was in other spices.
References
1. Ordoudi SA, Befani CD, Nenadis N, Koliakos GG, Tsimidou MZ.Further examination of antiradical properties of Crocus sativus stigmas extract rich in
2. Hosseinzadeh H, Jahanian Z. Effect of crocus sativus L. (saffron) stigma and its constituents, crocin and safranal, crocins on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2009.
3. Cosano I, Pintado C, Acevedo O, Novella JL, Alonso GL, Carmona M, de la Rosa C, Rotger R.. Microbiological quality of saffron from the main producer countries. J Food Prot. 2009 Oct;72(10):2217-20.
4. Joukar S, Najafipour H, Khaksari M, Sepehri G, Shahrokhi N, Dabiri S, Gholamhoseinian A, Hasanzadeh S.The effect of saffron consumption on biochemical and histopathological heart indices of rats with myocardial infarction.Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2010
5. Akhondzadeh S, Shafiee Sabet M, Harirchian MH, Togha M, Cheraghmakani H, Razeghi S, Hejazi SS, Yousefi MH, Alimardani R, Jamshidi A, Rezazadeh SA, Yousefi A, Zare F, Moradi A, Vossoughi AA 22-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of Crocus sativus in the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010
USEFUL NOTES
*Saffron is hand harvested so you can understand why it is so prized and so expensive. More than 50,000 of these stigmas are needed to produce just 100 gr of red Saffron.
*You can, as a home remedy for good memory, to sprinkle a few flakes of saffron in a glass of milk and leave it overnight in the refrigerator. Drink it in the morning when it is yellow in color.
* Because of its expense, intense flavour, and strong dying properties, very little saffron is required for culinary purposes and the key is to distribute it evenly throughout the dish being prepared.
* It is easier to steep the saffron in wine or hot water or —Store in a cool dry place, out of the light and use small amounts.
BASIL (Ocimum basilicum)
Mediterranean cultivar is typically called sweet basil, has light green leaves as opposed "Asian basil" (Ocinum sanctum). Its name derived from Greek name “ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΟΣ» which means “Royal”.
CULINARY USE
Basil is one of the main ingredients in ‘pesto’, one of the popular Italian herbal sauces. In many culinary preparations, the basil is used fresh, in the frozen form, or as the dried basil powder in soups, it is used to flavor all kinds of fish dishes, to flavor omelets, it is used in salads and dressings, it is used as a stuffing, it is used in many kinds of pasta dishes, it is used on pizza, and it is also often mixed with many common vegetables such as the and with vegetables such as the zucchini. As an herbal flavoring and seasoning herb, the basil goes best with tomatoes, with which it is often served as accompaniment. The smaller leaves of the basil are typically used whole.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Basil herb contains many polyphenolic flavonoids like orientin and vicenin. These compounds were tested in vitro laboratory studies for possible anti-oxidant protection against radiation-induced lipid per-oxidation in mouse liver. It is also contain essential oils such as eugenol, citronellol, linalool, citral, limonene and terpineol. These compounds are known to have anti-inflammatory properties. The methanol (suspended with 5 ml deionized water) extracts of O.basilicum showed antimicrobial activity against microorganisms and caused degradation of the cell walls of sensitive bacteria. Basil herb contains exceptionally high levels of beta-carotene, vitamin A, cryptoxanthin, lutein and zea-xanthin. These compounds help act as protective scavengers against oxygen-derived free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that play a role in aging and various disease process. Basil herb contains good amount of minerals like potassium, manganese, copper, and magnesium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids which helps control heart rate and blood pressure. Manganese is used by the body as a co-factor for the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. Basil leaves are an excellent source of iron, contains 3.17 mg/100 g of fresh leaves (about 26% of RDA). Iron, being a component of hemoglobin inside the red blood cells, determines the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
Refferences
1. Umar A, Imam G, Yimin W, Kerim P, Tohti I, Berké B, Moore N.Antihypertensive effects of Ocimum basilicum L. (OBL) on blood pressure in renovascular hypertensive rats.Hypertens Res. 2010.
2. Zhang JW, Li SK, Wu WJ.The main chemical composition and in vitro antifungal activity of the essential oils of Ocimum basilicum Linn. var. pilosum (Willd.) Benth.Molecules. 2009
3. Kaya I, Yigit N, Benli M.Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. and observation of the inhibition effect on bacterial cells by use of scanning electron microscopy.Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2008
1. Umar A, Imam G, Yimin W, Kerim P, Tohti I, Berké B, Moore N.Antihypertensive effects of Ocimum basilicum L. (OBL) on blood pressure in renovascular hypertensive rats.Hypertens Res. 2010.
2. Zhang JW, Li SK, Wu WJ.The main chemical composition and in vitro antifungal activity of the essential oils of Ocimum basilicum Linn. var. pilosum (Willd.) Benth.Molecules. 2009
3. Kaya I, Yigit N, Benli M.Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. and observation of the inhibition effect on bacterial cells by use of scanning electron microscopy.Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2008
USEFUL NOTES
* Precautions must be taken for good washing of Basil leaves in order to avoid contamination with infective agents. (Berger CN, Shaw RK, Brown DJ, Mather H, Clare S, Dougan G, Pallen MJ, Frankel G Interaction of Salmonella enterica with basil and other salad leaves ISME J. 2009 )
* The small size and ease of growing conditions, makes the basil a very good herb plant for growing on the sunny deck or patio using pots and plant containers. For individual use of the family, the basil can be easily grown in sufficient numbers during the summer months. The basil when growing must be well watered and exposed directly to the sunlight, it is important to avoid water logging in the soil as the plant may die in such conditions.
MARJORAME (Marjoram (Satureja hortensis, Lamiaceae)
Native to Asia Minor and the Mediterranean this herb although it is closely related to oregano has a more slight flavour. Its stem is ramified and the leaves are very fragrant because of the presence of ethereal oil. Hippocrates was convinced of its efficacy and included marjoram in his many medical recommendations It is grows profusely in Sicily, and one of its cities - Marjoram - is named after it. Sicilians also held the belief that marjoram had the power to banish sorrow. In the Middle Ages, marjoram found considerable use especially to preserve and disinfect meat.
CULINARY USE
* Precautions must be taken for good washing of Basil leaves in order to avoid contamination with infective agents. (Berger CN, Shaw RK, Brown DJ, Mather H, Clare S, Dougan G, Pallen MJ, Frankel G Interaction of Salmonella enterica with basil and other salad leaves ISME J. 2009 )
* The small size and ease of growing conditions, makes the basil a very good herb plant for growing on the sunny deck or patio using pots and plant containers. For individual use of the family, the basil can be easily grown in sufficient numbers during the summer months. The basil when growing must be well watered and exposed directly to the sunlight, it is important to avoid water logging in the soil as the plant may die in such conditions.
MARJORAME (Marjoram (Satureja hortensis, Lamiaceae)
Native to Asia Minor and the Mediterranean this herb although it is closely related to oregano has a more slight flavour. Its stem is ramified and the leaves are very fragrant because of the presence of ethereal oil. Hippocrates was convinced of its efficacy and included marjoram in his many medical recommendations It is grows profusely in Sicily, and one of its cities - Marjoram - is named after it. Sicilians also held the belief that marjoram had the power to banish sorrow. In the Middle Ages, marjoram found considerable use especially to preserve and disinfect meat.
CULINARY USE
Both the fresh and dried leaves can be used in foods. Marjoram is one of the rare herbs whose flavor intensifies when dried. As a spice, marjoram is used in tomato soups, sauces, oriental salads, steaks and pies. Marjoram makes excellent stuffing for chicken and turkey roasts The harvest is done during July – August.
HEALTH BENEFITS
The synthesized essential marjoram oil is formed of a number of active substances such as terpinen, terpineol, carvacrol, ursolic acid, beta sistosterine. Along with the essential oil, tannin, bitter and sistosterine elements, marjoram is also rich in vitamins A and D. One of the major features of this herb is their antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and preliminary results shows presents some anti-cancer effect .
Refferences
1. Abdel-Massih RM, Fares R, Bazzi S, El-Chami N, Baydoun E.The apoptotic and anti-proliferative activity of Origanum majorana extracts on human leukemic cell line. Leuk Res. 2009.
2. Leeja L, Thoppil JE.,Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of Origanum majorana L. (Sweet marjoram) J Environ Biol. 2007
The synthesized essential marjoram oil is formed of a number of active substances such as terpinen, terpineol, carvacrol, ursolic acid, beta sistosterine. Along with the essential oil, tannin, bitter and sistosterine elements, marjoram is also rich in vitamins A and D. One of the major features of this herb is their antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and preliminary results shows presents some anti-cancer effect .
Refferences
1. Abdel-Massih RM, Fares R, Bazzi S, El-Chami N, Baydoun E.The apoptotic and anti-proliferative activity of Origanum majorana extracts on human leukemic cell line. Leuk Res. 2009.
2. Leeja L, Thoppil JE.,Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of Origanum majorana L. (Sweet marjoram) J Environ Biol. 2007
USEFUL NOTES
* Marjorame can be cultivated in flower pots, in gardens or in greenhouses but it needs to be exposed to high temperatures.
* The herb is useful even without being digested, as it scents the garden and keeps mosquitoes away
* Soaked in olive oil, marjoram leaves keep their fragrance for a longer time and, at the same time, the oil can be used for preparing salads.
OREGANO Origanum vulgare hirtum – Italian Oregano, Greek Oregano ( Family Lamiaceae )
Its name is derived from the Greek words "oros" (mountain) and "ganos" (joy) since not only was it a symbol of happiness, but it made the hillsides on which it grew look beautiful “mountain joy” . The leaves are highly aromatic, slightly pointed and hairy. The flowers of Greek Oregano are white. It will grow best in full sun and dry soil. Antioxidant, antimicrobial
CULINARY USE
Oregano goes to any dish, but goes particularly well with tomatoes, (pizza, Greek salad) eggplant, and any meat. Sprinkle some in your scrambled eggs or salad dressings, too. Fresh oregano makes an aromatic addition to omelets and frittatas
HEALTH BENEFIT
The volatile oils in this herb include Oregano thymol and carvacrol two oils which have remarkable bacteria-fighting power It qualified within our system as a very good source of iron, manganese and dietary fiber, as well as a good source of calcium, vitamin C, vitamin A (through its concentration pro-vitamin A carotenoids like beta-carotene) and omega-3 fatty acids. Thymol and rosmarinic acid are potent antioxidants that oregano offers.
The volatile oils in this herb include Oregano thymol and carvacrol two oils which have remarkable bacteria-fighting power It qualified within our system as a very good source of iron, manganese and dietary fiber, as well as a good source of calcium, vitamin C, vitamin A (through its concentration pro-vitamin A carotenoids like beta-carotene) and omega-3 fatty acids. Thymol and rosmarinic acid are potent antioxidants that oregano offers.
Refferences
1. Sarac N, Ugur A, Antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Origanum onites L., Origanum vulgare L. subspecies hirtum (Link) Ietswaart, Satureja thymbra L., and Thymus cilicicus Boiss. & Bal. growing wild in Turkey. . J Med Food. 2008 Sep;11(3):568-73.
2. Lambert RJ, Skandamis PN, Coote PJ, Nychas GJ. A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. J Appl Microbiol 2001.
3. Lagouri V, Boskou D.Nutrient antioxidants in oregano. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 1996
USEFUL NOTES
* Choose fresh oregano over the dried form of the herb since it is superior in flavor.
* Fresh oregano should be stored in the refrigerator wrapped in a slightly damp paper towel. It may also be frozen, either whole or chopped, in airtight containers.
* Adding a few sprigs of fresh oregano to a container of olive oil will infuse the oil with the essence of the herb.
COMMON SAGE ( Sage Salvia officinalis) ( Family Lamiaceae)
The name of the genus, Salvia, is derived from the Latin salvere, to be saved, in reference to the curative properties of the plant, This plant is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region but has been naturalized to other warmer temperate climates.
1. Sarac N, Ugur A, Antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Origanum onites L., Origanum vulgare L. subspecies hirtum (Link) Ietswaart, Satureja thymbra L., and Thymus cilicicus Boiss. & Bal. growing wild in Turkey. . J Med Food. 2008 Sep;11(3):568-73.
2. Lambert RJ, Skandamis PN, Coote PJ, Nychas GJ. A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. J Appl Microbiol 2001.
3. Lagouri V, Boskou D.Nutrient antioxidants in oregano. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 1996
USEFUL NOTES
* Choose fresh oregano over the dried form of the herb since it is superior in flavor.
* Fresh oregano should be stored in the refrigerator wrapped in a slightly damp paper towel. It may also be frozen, either whole or chopped, in airtight containers.
* Adding a few sprigs of fresh oregano to a container of olive oil will infuse the oil with the essence of the herb.
COMMON SAGE ( Sage Salvia officinalis) ( Family Lamiaceae)
The name of the genus, Salvia, is derived from the Latin salvere, to be saved, in reference to the curative properties of the plant, This plant is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region but has been naturalized to other warmer temperate climates.
CULINARY USE
Sages are highly aromatic shrubs used to flavor turkey, pork, breads and cheese dishes.
Sages are highly aromatic shrubs used to flavor turkey, pork, breads and cheese dishes.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Sage has demonstrated good therapeutic effectiveness to control of cognitive deterioration as Alzheimer Disease and a therapeutic effect for pharyngitis. It is also offers antimicrobial activity especially for the topical treatment of skin disordes (acne vulgaris and seborrhoic eczema) . Sage tea is effective in the improvement of lipid profile, antioxidant defences in human, which in the long term may be responsible for the general health improving properties attributed to sage. Despite popular belief there is not any evidense for any diabetes prevention activity.
Sage has demonstrated good therapeutic effectiveness to control of cognitive deterioration as Alzheimer Disease and a therapeutic effect for pharyngitis. It is also offers antimicrobial activity especially for the topical treatment of skin disordes (acne vulgaris and seborrhoic eczema) . Sage tea is effective in the improvement of lipid profile, antioxidant defences in human, which in the long term may be responsible for the general health improving properties attributed to sage. Despite popular belief there is not any evidense for any diabetes prevention activity.
Refferences
1. Hubbert M, Sievers H, Lehnfeld R, Kehrl W. Efficacy and tolerability of a spray with Salvia officinalis in the treatment of acute pharyngitis - a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with adaptive design and interim analysis. Eur J Med Res. 2006
2. Dos Santos-Neto LL, de Vilhena Toledo MA, Medeiros-Souza P The use of herbal medicine in Alzheimer's disease-a systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2006.
3. Weckesser S, Engel K, Simon-Haarhaus B, Wittmer A, Pelz K, Schempp CM.Screening of plant extracts for antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts with dermatological relevance. Phytomedicine. 2007.
4. Shirazi MH, Ranjbar R, Eshraghi S, Amin G, Nouri MS, Bazzaz N. Inhibitory effects of Sage extract on the growth of enteric bacteria. Pak J Biol Sci.
5. Lima CF, Azevedo MF, Araujo R, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Pereira-Wilson C. Metformin-like effect of Salvia officinalis (common sage): is it useful in diabetes prevention? Br J Nutr. 2006 .
6. Ramos AA, Azqueta A, Pereira-Wilson C, Collins AR.Polyphenolic Compounds from Salvia Species Protect Cellular DNA from Oxidation and Stimulate DNA Repair in Cultured Human Cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2010
USEFUL NOTE
* Extended or excessive use of Sage can cause symptoms of poisoning
* As it may be toxic in large dosages or when used for a prolonged period. It should not be used while pregnant or breast feeding. Salvia officinalis should not be used by people with epilepsy or other seizure disorders. No drug interactions have been noted with sage use.
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
Ancient Greeks considered it a symbol of style, elegance and courage, and they used it as an incense to cleanse holy areas. It is believed that its common name came from the Greek word "thumos", which means "soul (Tegopoulos-Fitrakis Great Dictionary 1988").
1. Hubbert M, Sievers H, Lehnfeld R, Kehrl W. Efficacy and tolerability of a spray with Salvia officinalis in the treatment of acute pharyngitis - a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with adaptive design and interim analysis. Eur J Med Res. 2006
2. Dos Santos-Neto LL, de Vilhena Toledo MA, Medeiros-Souza P The use of herbal medicine in Alzheimer's disease-a systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2006.
3. Weckesser S, Engel K, Simon-Haarhaus B, Wittmer A, Pelz K, Schempp CM.Screening of plant extracts for antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts with dermatological relevance. Phytomedicine. 2007.
4. Shirazi MH, Ranjbar R, Eshraghi S, Amin G, Nouri MS, Bazzaz N. Inhibitory effects of Sage extract on the growth of enteric bacteria. Pak J Biol Sci.
5. Lima CF, Azevedo MF, Araujo R, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Pereira-Wilson C. Metformin-like effect of Salvia officinalis (common sage): is it useful in diabetes prevention? Br J Nutr. 2006 .
6. Ramos AA, Azqueta A, Pereira-Wilson C, Collins AR.Polyphenolic Compounds from Salvia Species Protect Cellular DNA from Oxidation and Stimulate DNA Repair in Cultured Human Cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2010
USEFUL NOTE
* Extended or excessive use of Sage can cause symptoms of poisoning
* As it may be toxic in large dosages or when used for a prolonged period. It should not be used while pregnant or breast feeding. Salvia officinalis should not be used by people with epilepsy or other seizure disorders. No drug interactions have been noted with sage use.
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
Ancient Greeks considered it a symbol of style, elegance and courage, and they used it as an incense to cleanse holy areas. It is believed that its common name came from the Greek word "thumos", which means "soul (Tegopoulos-Fitrakis Great Dictionary 1988").
CULINARY USE
Thyme is often used to flavour meats, soups and stews. It has a particular affinity to and is often used as a primary flavour with lamb, tomatoes and eggs. Thyme is sold both fresh and dried.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Thyme contains the flavonoids apigenin, naringenin, luteolin, and thymonin, which have antioxidant activity. The essential oil of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is made up of 20-54% thymol. Thymol, an antiseptic, is the main active ingredient in Listerine mouthwash.. It has also been shown to be effective against the fungus that commonly infects toenails.
Refferences
1. Kotan R, Cakir A, Dadasoglu F, Aydin T, Cakmakci R, Ozer H, Kordali S, Mete E, Dikbas N. Antibacterial activities of essential oils and extracts of Turkish Achillea, Satureja and Thymus species against plant pathogenic bacteria.J Sci Food Agric. 2010
2. De Martino L, Bruno M, Formisano C, De Feo V, Napolitano F, Rosselli S, Senatore F. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from two species of Thymus growing wild in southern Italy. Molecules. 2009
3. Soković M, Glamoclija J, Cirić A, Kataranovski D, Marin PD, Vukojević J, Brkić D.
Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. and thymol on experimentally induced dermatomycoses. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2008 Dec;34(12):1388-93 .
1. Kotan R, Cakir A, Dadasoglu F, Aydin T, Cakmakci R, Ozer H, Kordali S, Mete E, Dikbas N. Antibacterial activities of essential oils and extracts of Turkish Achillea, Satureja and Thymus species against plant pathogenic bacteria.J Sci Food Agric. 2010
2. De Martino L, Bruno M, Formisano C, De Feo V, Napolitano F, Rosselli S, Senatore F. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from two species of Thymus growing wild in southern Italy. Molecules. 2009
3. Soković M, Glamoclija J, Cirić A, Kataranovski D, Marin PD, Vukojević J, Brkić D.
Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. and thymol on experimentally induced dermatomycoses. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2008 Dec;34(12):1388-93 .
USEFUL NOTE
* Honey from bees that feed on thyme flower nectar is a gourmet delight.
*As with bay, thyme is slow to release its flavours so it is usually added early in the cooking process.
ROSEMARY ( Rosmarinus officinalis) ( Family Lamiaceae )
* Honey from bees that feed on thyme flower nectar is a gourmet delight.
*As with bay, thyme is slow to release its flavours so it is usually added early in the cooking process.
ROSEMARY ( Rosmarinus officinalis) ( Family Lamiaceae )
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a woody, with fragrant evergreen needle-like leaves. A native of the Mediterranean region, its name derives from the Latin name rosmarinus, which is from "dew" (ros) and "sea" (marinus), or "dew of the sea" — apparently because it is frequently found growing near the sea. Tradition says
that rosemary will grow for thirty-three years, until it reaches the height of Christ when he was crucified, then it will die. Sprigs of rosemary were placed under pillows at night to ward off evil spirits and bad dreams.CYLINARY USE
Charming blue flowers appear during winter and occasionally at other times of the year. Dried rosemary leaves are a popular seasoning for food... adding flavour to soups, stews, meat and fish. Rosemary is a highly fragrant ornamental and culinary herb whose needle-like green leaves can be used to flavor a wide variety of meats and vegetables.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Rosmarinus officinalis L. is receiving increasing attention due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative constituents. Rosemary contains a number of potentially biologically active compounds, including antioxidants such as carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid. Other bioactive compounds include camphor (up to 20% in dry rosemary leaves), caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, rosmaridiphenol, and rosmanol.. It contains monoterpenes, phenolic diterpenes and flavonoids, which are renowned for their ability to slow down the production of free radicals. It is also a rich source of vitamin E (alpha tocopherol), another potent antioxidant. The major anti-oxidant in rosemary, carnosic acid, has attracted much attention because of its neuron protective effects. Many other biological activities of carnosic acid have been reported, e.g. nerve growth factor forming promoters,) therapeutic agents for amnesia, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease), and lipid absorption and potentially for ALS disease.
Moreover, it appears that rosemary offers a great anticanser effect which makes it a potential candidate to be included in the anti-cancer diet with pre-determined doses avoiding toxicity.
References
1. Kennedy DO, Scholey AB. The psychopharmacology of European herbs with cognition-enhancing properties.
Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(35):4613-23
2. Kristen A. Scheckel, Stephanie C. Degner and Donato F. Romagnolo. Rosmarinic Acid Antagonizes Activator Protein-1–Dependent Activation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Human Cancer and Nonmalignant Cell Lines. Journal of Nutrition, , November 2008 .
3. Nabekura T, Yamaki T, Hiroi T, Ueno K, Kitagawa S. Inhibition of anticancer drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein by rosemary phytochemicals. Pharmacol Res. 2010
Shimojo Y, Kosaka K, Noda Y, Shimizu T, Shirasawa T.Effect of rosmarinic acid in motor dysfunction and life span in a mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci Res. 2010 Mar;88(4):896-904.
4. Satoh T, Kosaka K, Itoh K, Kobayashi A, Yamamoto M, Shimojo Y, Kitajima C, Cui J, Kamins J, Okamoto S, Izumi M, Shirasawa T, Lipton SA.Carnosic acid, a catechol-type electrophilic compound, protects neurons both in vitro and in vivo through activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway via S-alkylation of targeted cysteines on Keap1. J Neurochem. 2008
5. Yesil-Celiktas O, Sevimli C, Bedir E, Vardar-Sukan F Inhibitory Effects of Rosemary Extracts, Carnosic Acid and Rosmarinic Acid on the Growth of Various Human Cancer Cell Lines. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010
6. Bai N, He K, Roller M, Lai CS, Shao X, Pan MH, Ho CT.Flavonoids and phenolic compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis.J Agric Food Chem. 2010
Russo A, Lombardo L, Troncoso N, Garbarino J, Cardile V.Rosmarinus officinalis extract inhibits human melanoma cell growth. Nat Prod Commun. 2009
USEFUL NOTES
Recent European research has shown that rosemary interferes with the absorption of iron in the diet, which indicates that it should not be used internally by persons with iron deficiency anemia.
Rosemary makes a pleasant-tasting tea. Use one teaspoon of crushed dried leaves in a cup of boiling water and steep for ten minutes.
SWEET BAY Laurus nobilis (Bay Laurel) ( Family Lauraceae)
Bay, a Meditarrenean native, is a symbol of glory and garlands of laurel (bay) In classical times, bay laurel was made into wreaths to crown poets, scholars and Olympic champions.
1. Kennedy DO, Scholey AB. The psychopharmacology of European herbs with cognition-enhancing properties.
Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(35):4613-23
2. Kristen A. Scheckel, Stephanie C. Degner and Donato F. Romagnolo. Rosmarinic Acid Antagonizes Activator Protein-1–Dependent Activation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Human Cancer and Nonmalignant Cell Lines. Journal of Nutrition, , November 2008 .
3. Nabekura T, Yamaki T, Hiroi T, Ueno K, Kitagawa S. Inhibition of anticancer drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein by rosemary phytochemicals. Pharmacol Res. 2010
Shimojo Y, Kosaka K, Noda Y, Shimizu T, Shirasawa T.Effect of rosmarinic acid in motor dysfunction and life span in a mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci Res. 2010 Mar;88(4):896-904.
4. Satoh T, Kosaka K, Itoh K, Kobayashi A, Yamamoto M, Shimojo Y, Kitajima C, Cui J, Kamins J, Okamoto S, Izumi M, Shirasawa T, Lipton SA.Carnosic acid, a catechol-type electrophilic compound, protects neurons both in vitro and in vivo through activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway via S-alkylation of targeted cysteines on Keap1. J Neurochem. 2008
5. Yesil-Celiktas O, Sevimli C, Bedir E, Vardar-Sukan F Inhibitory Effects of Rosemary Extracts, Carnosic Acid and Rosmarinic Acid on the Growth of Various Human Cancer Cell Lines. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010
6. Bai N, He K, Roller M, Lai CS, Shao X, Pan MH, Ho CT.Flavonoids and phenolic compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis.J Agric Food Chem. 2010
Russo A, Lombardo L, Troncoso N, Garbarino J, Cardile V.Rosmarinus officinalis extract inhibits human melanoma cell growth. Nat Prod Commun. 2009
USEFUL NOTES
Recent European research has shown that rosemary interferes with the absorption of iron in the diet, which indicates that it should not be used internally by persons with iron deficiency anemia.
Rosemary makes a pleasant-tasting tea. Use one teaspoon of crushed dried leaves in a cup of boiling water and steep for ten minutes.
SWEET BAY Laurus nobilis (Bay Laurel) ( Family Lauraceae)
Bay, a Meditarrenean native, is a symbol of glory and garlands of laurel (bay) In classical times, bay laurel was made into wreaths to crown poets, scholars and Olympic champions.
CULINARY USE
Bay is a aromatic tree
whose leaves are essential to soups, legumes (lentils) and tomato sauces. A fresh bay leaf add an interesting and delicious flavor to a pot of tea. Grow bay in full sun and water when the soil is dry. the leaf is added at the beginning of cooking soups and stews and slowly imparts a deep, rich flavor .
Bay is a aromatic tree
whose leaves are essential to soups, legumes (lentils) and tomato sauces. A fresh bay leaf add an interesting and delicious flavor to a pot of tea. Grow bay in full sun and water when the soil is dry. the leaf is added at the beginning of cooking soups and stews and slowly imparts a deep, rich flavor .HEALTH BENEFITS
Folk medicine in many countries uses the infusion of the plant in stomachic and carminative remedies, as well as for the treatment of gastric diseases. Of the 81 compounds representing 98.74% of total oil of Laurus nobilis, monocyclic monoterpenes are the main components. The active component of the bay leaves is likely a polyphenol since more than 80% of the in vitro insulin potentiating activity was removed by polyvinylpyrrolidone],. bay leaves reduced serum glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and increased HDL cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes.
Refferences
1. Dall'Acqua S, Cervellati R, Speroni E, Costa S, Guerra MC, Stella L, Greco E, Innocenti G.Bay Leaves Improve Glucose and Lipid Profile of People J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2009
2.Broadhurst C.L., Polansky M.M., Anderson R.A. Insulin-like biological activity of culinary and medicinal plant aqueous extracts in vitro. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000;48:849–852
USEFUL NOTES
*Sweet Bay is often plagued by scale attacks so be alert for the brown patches of this pest along the stems and leaves and gently rub them off when found.
MINT (MENTHA) Spearmint
Mint is known to have originated in Asia and the Mediterranean region. Mint has been used for many centuries. The name comes from the Greek legend of the nymph Minthe, who attracted the attention of Hades, the Greek god of the underworld. Hades’ wife, Persephone, attacked Minthe and was in the process of trampling her to death when Hades turned her into the herb.
CULINARY USE
Mint is known to have originated in Asia and the Mediterranean region. Mint has been used for many centuries. The name comes from the Greek legend of the nymph Minthe, who attracted the attention of Hades, the Greek god of the underworld. Hades’ wife, Persephone, attacked Minthe and was in the process of trampling her to death when Hades turned her into the herb.
CULINARY USE
Mint has a fresh, sharp taste and is separate or in mixtures good for the digestion. Add the fresh leaves to meatballs, dip sauce with garlic and pot cheese, peas, fruit salads and drinks.
HEALTH BENEFITS
HEALTH BENEFITS
Mint has always been used medicinally to aid digestion and relieve indigestion. and it is commonly used in the form of tea as a home remedy to help alleviate stomach pain The chemical compound menthol, which is obtained from peppermint oil, is well known for its healing properties on the chest and respiratory system and it is very popular in aromatherapy. Rosmarinic acid (RA; C18H16O8) is a polyphenolic carboxylic acid found in many herbal plants including rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), oregano (Origanum vulgare) and mint (commonly Mentha spicata or Mentha × piperita). RA has widely reported biological activities in mammals and mammalian cells including antioxidant], anti-inflammatory], antitumor, immunomodulatory, antiviral and antibacterial.
References
1. Furtado MA, de Almeida LC, Furtado RA, Cunha WR, Tavares DC. Antimutagenicity of rosmarinic acid in Swiss mice evaluated by the micronucleus assay. Mutat Res. 2008
2. Swarup V, Ghosh J, Ghosh S, Saxena A, Basu A. Antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of rosmarinic acid in an experimental murine model of Japanese encephalitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:3367–3370. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00041-07.
3. Yun SY, Hur YG, Kang MA, Lee J, Ahn C, Won J. Synergistic immunosuppressive effects of rosmarinic acid and rapamycin in vitro and in vivo. Transplantation. 2003;75:1758–1760.
4. Moreno S, Scheyer T, Romano CS, Vojnov AA. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of rosemary extracts linked to their polyphenol composition. Free Rad Res. 2006;40:223–231.
5. Firas A Al-Bayati Isolation and identification of antimicrobial compound from Mentha longifolia L. leaves grown wild in Iraq.Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2009.
USEFUL NOTES
* If you want your own mint pot grow it in partial shadow or in the full sun.
**If you buy a bunch of mint, it should be placed in a container of water, stems down, with a plastic bag loosely covering the top. Ideally change the water every two days and the mint should stay fresh for up to a week.
GARLIC ( Allium sativum) is a species in the onion family Alliaceae.
As garlic isusually added to foods in small amounts and not eaten on it's own it is more correctly referred to as a herb than vegetable, both culinary and medicinal. Garlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavor as a seasoning or condiment and it is very easy to easy to grow and can be grown year-round in mild climates as in Meditarrenean. Garlic has been used as both food and medicine in many cultures for thousands of years, dating at least as far back as the time that the Giza pyramids were built. The medicinal use of garlic dates to at least 3000 B.C., when Egyptian pyramid- builders ate it to prevent illness. Hippocrates used garlic to treat infections, intestinal disorders and chest pain.
CULINARY USE
Raw garlic is more potent; cooking garlic reduces the effect. The green dry 'folds' in the center of the garlic clove are especially pungent
HEALTH BENEFITS
Garlic and its preparations have long been recognized to possess antiinflammatory properties . In the modern era, during World War II, the Soviet army used garlic to prevent infections after it had run out of antibiotics, so garlic was called “Russian Penicilin. The antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, blood glucose lowering, antithrombotic, antimutagenic and antiplatelet properties of this herb have been reported and some of these claims have been scientifically corroborated. Garlic has also been shown to have a fibrinolytic action and possesses the ability to reduce cholesterol and lipid levels with suggested beneficial effects on atherosclerosis. Garlic has been used in traditional medicine as a food component to prevent the development of cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
1. Furtado MA, de Almeida LC, Furtado RA, Cunha WR, Tavares DC. Antimutagenicity of rosmarinic acid in Swiss mice evaluated by the micronucleus assay. Mutat Res. 2008
2. Swarup V, Ghosh J, Ghosh S, Saxena A, Basu A. Antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of rosmarinic acid in an experimental murine model of Japanese encephalitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:3367–3370. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00041-07.
3. Yun SY, Hur YG, Kang MA, Lee J, Ahn C, Won J. Synergistic immunosuppressive effects of rosmarinic acid and rapamycin in vitro and in vivo. Transplantation. 2003;75:1758–1760.
4. Moreno S, Scheyer T, Romano CS, Vojnov AA. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of rosemary extracts linked to their polyphenol composition. Free Rad Res. 2006;40:223–231.
5. Firas A Al-Bayati Isolation and identification of antimicrobial compound from Mentha longifolia L. leaves grown wild in Iraq.Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2009.
USEFUL NOTES
* If you want your own mint pot grow it in partial shadow or in the full sun.
**If you buy a bunch of mint, it should be placed in a container of water, stems down, with a plastic bag loosely covering the top. Ideally change the water every two days and the mint should stay fresh for up to a week.
GARLIC ( Allium sativum) is a species in the onion family Alliaceae.
As garlic isusually added to foods in small amounts and not eaten on it's own it is more correctly referred to as a herb than vegetable, both culinary and medicinal. Garlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavor as a seasoning or condiment and it is very easy to easy to grow and can be grown year-round in mild climates as in Meditarrenean. Garlic has been used as both food and medicine in many cultures for thousands of years, dating at least as far back as the time that the Giza pyramids were built. The medicinal use of garlic dates to at least 3000 B.C., when Egyptian pyramid- builders ate it to prevent illness. Hippocrates used garlic to treat infections, intestinal disorders and chest pain.
CULINARY USE
Raw garlic is more potent; cooking garlic reduces the effect. The green dry 'folds' in the center of the garlic clove are especially pungent
HEALTH BENEFITS
Garlic and its preparations have long been recognized to possess antiinflammatory properties . In the modern era, during World War II, the Soviet army used garlic to prevent infections after it had run out of antibiotics, so garlic was called “Russian Penicilin. The antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, blood glucose lowering, antithrombotic, antimutagenic and antiplatelet properties of this herb have been reported and some of these claims have been scientifically corroborated. Garlic has also been shown to have a fibrinolytic action and possesses the ability to reduce cholesterol and lipid levels with suggested beneficial effects on atherosclerosis. Garlic has been used in traditional medicine as a food component to prevent the development of cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
References
1. Şener G, Şatiro lu H, Şehirli AÖ, Kaçmaz A. Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against oxidative organ damage in a rat model of thermal injury. Life Sci. 2003;73:81–91.
2.. Dietz DM, Varcelotti JR, Stahlfeld KR. Garlic burns: a not-so-rare complication of a naturopathic remedy? Burns. 2004;30:612–613.
3. Ali M, Thomson M, Afzal M. Garlic and onions: their effect on eicosanoid metabolism and its clinical relevance. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2000;62:55–73.
4. Agarwal KC. Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents. Medicinal Research Reviews. 1996;16(1):111–124
5. Tanaka S, Haruma K, Yoshihara M, Kajiyama G, Kira K, Amagase H, Chayama K. Aged garlic extract has potential suppressive effect on colorectal adenomas in humans. J Nutr. 2006;136:821S–826S6.
6. Rahman K. Garlic and aging: new insights into an old remedy. Ageing Res Rev. 2003;2:39–56. doi: 10.1016/S1568-1637(02)00049-1.
7. Neil A, Silagy C. Garlic: its cardiovascular-protective properties. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1994;5:989S–993S. doi: 10.1097/00041433-199402000-00002.
8. Pari L, Murugavel P, Sitasawad SL, Kumar KS. Cytoprotective and antioxidant role of diallyl tetrasulfide on cadmium induced renal injury: an in vivo and in vitro study. Life Sci. 2007;80:650–658. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.10.013.
USEFUL NOTES
*Garlic is known for causing halitosis as well as causing sweat to have a pungent 'garlicky' smell which is caused by Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS). AMS is a gas which is absorbed into the blood during the metabolism of garlic; from the blood it travels to the lungs and from there to the mouth causing bad breath as also to the skin where it is exuded through skin pores.
*Some people suffer from allergies to garlic and other plants in the allium family. *Symptoms can include irritable bowel, diarrhea, mouth and throat ulcerations, nausea, breathing difficulties, and in rare cases anaphylaxis.
1. Şener G, Şatiro lu H, Şehirli AÖ, Kaçmaz A. Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against oxidative organ damage in a rat model of thermal injury. Life Sci. 2003;73:81–91.
2.. Dietz DM, Varcelotti JR, Stahlfeld KR. Garlic burns: a not-so-rare complication of a naturopathic remedy? Burns. 2004;30:612–613.
3. Ali M, Thomson M, Afzal M. Garlic and onions: their effect on eicosanoid metabolism and its clinical relevance. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2000;62:55–73.
4. Agarwal KC. Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents. Medicinal Research Reviews. 1996;16(1):111–124
5. Tanaka S, Haruma K, Yoshihara M, Kajiyama G, Kira K, Amagase H, Chayama K. Aged garlic extract has potential suppressive effect on colorectal adenomas in humans. J Nutr. 2006;136:821S–826S6.
6. Rahman K. Garlic and aging: new insights into an old remedy. Ageing Res Rev. 2003;2:39–56. doi: 10.1016/S1568-1637(02)00049-1.
7. Neil A, Silagy C. Garlic: its cardiovascular-protective properties. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1994;5:989S–993S. doi: 10.1097/00041433-199402000-00002.
8. Pari L, Murugavel P, Sitasawad SL, Kumar KS. Cytoprotective and antioxidant role of diallyl tetrasulfide on cadmium induced renal injury: an in vivo and in vitro study. Life Sci. 2007;80:650–658. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.10.013.
USEFUL NOTES
*Garlic is known for causing halitosis as well as causing sweat to have a pungent 'garlicky' smell which is caused by Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS). AMS is a gas which is absorbed into the blood during the metabolism of garlic; from the blood it travels to the lungs and from there to the mouth causing bad breath as also to the skin where it is exuded through skin pores.
*Some people suffer from allergies to garlic and other plants in the allium family. *Symptoms can include irritable bowel, diarrhea, mouth and throat ulcerations, nausea, breathing difficulties, and in rare cases anaphylaxis.
*Be aware not fed garlic and onions your pets espiacially dogs and cats
Reference
Hypertension after Ingestion of Baked Garlic (Allium sativum) in a Dog
Min-Hee KANG1) and Hee-Myung PARK1) J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2010
DICTAMNUS (Origanum dictamnus or Dittany of Crete)
It is a native Cretan herb (Mediterranean) known from Minoan Ages (Bronze Age) and the most favorite herb of Cretan. The word dictamnus is derived from Dikti, the mountain of the island of Crete where Zeus was born and the Greek word “thamnos” which means shrub. It is known also as in Cretan dialect as Έρωντας (epontas, "love")?
CULINARY USE
Although dictamnus is used usually an herbal
infusion you can find many Cretan recipes use this herb in a combination with others (oregano, rosemary etc).
HEALTH BENEFITS
Hippocrates recommended Origanum dictamnus for stomach and digestive system problems, rheumatism, arthritis and menstrual pains A simple infusion of the leaves may be used as a substitute for tea and as a remedy for nervous complaints.. Main component of the essential oil is carvacrol whereas the non volatile constituents are dominated by triterpene acids (ursolic, oleanolic) and flavonoids. (See for carvacrol activities
Reference
Hypertension after Ingestion of Baked Garlic (Allium sativum) in a Dog
Min-Hee KANG1) and Hee-Myung PARK1) J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2010
DICTAMNUS (Origanum dictamnus or Dittany of Crete)
It is a native Cretan herb (Mediterranean) known from Minoan Ages (Bronze Age) and the most favorite herb of Cretan. The word dictamnus is derived from Dikti, the mountain of the island of Crete where Zeus was born and the Greek word “thamnos” which means shrub. It is known also as in Cretan dialect as Έρωντας (epontas, "love")?
CULINARY USE
Although dictamnus is used usually an herbal
infusion you can find many Cretan recipes use this herb in a combination with others (oregano, rosemary etc).
HEALTH BENEFITS
Hippocrates recommended Origanum dictamnus for stomach and digestive system problems, rheumatism, arthritis and menstrual pains A simple infusion of the leaves may be used as a substitute for tea and as a remedy for nervous complaints.. Main component of the essential oil is carvacrol whereas the non volatile constituents are dominated by triterpene acids (ursolic, oleanolic) and flavonoids. (See for carvacrol activities
References
1. Chatzopoulou A, Karioti A, Gousiadou C, Lax Vivancos V, Kyriazopoulos P, Golegou S, Skaltsa H.
2. Depsides and other polar constituents from Origanum dictamnus L. and their in vitro antimicrobial activity in clinical strains. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 May 26;58(10):6064-8.
3. Harvala C, Menounos P, Argyriadou N. Essential Oil from Origanum dictamnus. Planta Med. 1987.
USEFUL NOTES
The Greek philosopher Aristotle in his work The History of Animals (612a4) wrote:
"Wild goats in Crete are said, when wounded by arrow, to go in search of dittany, which is supposed to have the property of ejecting arrows in the body."
Dill (Anethum graveolens)
is a short-lived perennial herb. It is the sole species of the genus Anethum, Dill is native to southern Russia, western Africa and the Mediterranean region
CULINARY USE
Dill is added to p
ickles, salad dressing and fish dishes. Fresh dill is available at markets during the summer and early fall while dried dill is available throughout the year. It compliments fish dishes; goes well with smoked salmon, cheese, egg dishes, sour cream and yogurt. Dill seeds in combination with vinegar and spices make a great pickling agent. The seeds are stronger and more flavorful than the leaves and are most commonly associated with the cuisines of Scandinavia and Germany.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Dill's unique health benefits come from two types of healing components: monoterpenes, including carvone, limonene, and anethofuran; and flavonoids, including kaempferol and vicenin. The monoterpene components of dill have been shown to activate the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase, which helps attach the anti-oxidant molecule glutathione to oxidized molecules that would otherwise do damage in the body.
References
Kaur GJ, Arora DS Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of Anethum graveolens, Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2009.
Bahramikia S, Yazdanparast R.Efficacy of different fractions of Anethum graveolens leaves on serum lipoproteins and serum and liver oxidative status in experimentally induced hypercholesterolaemic rat models.
Am J Chin Med. 2009;
Hajhashemi V, Abbasi N.Hypolipidemic activity of Anethum graveolens in rats.
Phytother Res. 2008
USEFUL NOTES
Dill can be planted as seeds in your garden; and you they don't require much care, which is perfect if you are not considered a gardener.
PARSLEY (Petroselinum)
The botanical name Petroselinum comes from the Greek word for stone, which is petro, given to parsley because it was found growing on rocky hillsides in Greece. The Ancient Greeks did not use parsley in cooking but only as symbol of oblivion and death.
CULINARY USE
In modern cooking, parsley is used for its leaf in much the same way as coriander (which is also known as Chinese parsley or cilantro), although parsley is percieved to have a milder flavor.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Parsley is rich in vitamins and minerals, particularly vitamins A and C, and compounds that clear toxins from the body. It also reduces inflammations, contains histamine inhibitors. Many cardiovascular diseases as arterial hypertension are associated with an increase in blood platelet activity and seems that dietary intake of parsley may be benefit in the normalization of platelet hyperactivation, in the nutritional prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
References
1. Gadi D, Bnouham M, Aziz M, Ziyyat A, Legssyer A, Legrand C, Lafeve FF, Mekhfi H.. Parsley extract inhibits in vitro and ex vivo platelet aggregation and prolongs bleeding time in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009
2. Jimenez-Alvarez D, Giuffrida F, Golay PA, Cotting C, Lardeau A, Keely BJ
Antioxidant activity of oregano, parsley, and olive mill wastewaters in bulk oils and oil-in-water emulsions enriched in fish oil., J Agric Food Chem.2008
USEFUL NOTES
• Oxalic acid is found in parsley ((1.70% by mass). Oxalic acid prevents calcium absorption and may also contribute to gallstones and kidney stones. For the average person that eats a balanced diet, the small amounts of oxalic acid will not be a health factor. However, those with low calcium health concerns will not want to eat excessive amounts of parsley.
LOVAGE SELINO ((Levisticum officinale)
In many other European languages the word for lovage derives from Latin ligusticus (meaning "of Liguria", as the herb used to grow heartily in the Liguria region of northwest Italy), through its alteration levisticum. It has been written that in the Middle ages, people stuffed this herb into their boots to keep their feet fresh! Today lovage can be used in place of recipes calling for celery to get a similar flavor. This herb is also known as European lovage, lavose and sea parsley.
CULINARY USE
Lovage is easy to grow, and grows. Plants usually last about four years, then would need to be replaced. It is grown in a relatively dry climate with a preference of watering.
Lovage is a great celery substitute if one cannot grow celery . Use not only the leaves, but the hollow stems in dishes for that great taste. Lovage is a potent herb, so not much is needed.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Ground dried or fresh root is sometimes used as a diuretic. One teaspoon fresh or dried root in one cup of water is the usual recipe. Lovage also presents antimycobacterial activity becayse of polyacetylenes
Refferences
Schinkovitz A, Stavri M, Gibbons S, Bucar FAntimycobacterial polyacetylenes from Levisticum officinale. Phytother Res. 2008 .
USEFUL NOTES
Lovage should not be used medicinally by people with kidney problems.
CELERY (Apium graveolens )
Celery is a plant species commonly known as celery (var. dulce) or celeriac (var. rapaceum) depending on whether the petioles (stalks) or roots are eaten. The word celery is derived from Latin, celeri which means quick acting, and presumably refers to its therapeutic properties. Another meaning refers to the the French céleri coming from the Lombard term, seleri, from the Latin selinon, borrowed from Greek. Celery's Mediterranean origins are still commemorated in the French expression céleri d'Italie.
Celery is a native of Europe and Asia. It is now grown widely in temperate regions and in tropical mountains.
A chthonian symbol among the ancient Greeks, celery was said to have sprouted from the blood of Kadmilos, father of the Cabeiri, chthonian divinities celebrated in Samothrace, Lemnos and Thebes. The spicy odour and dark leaf colour encouraged this association with the cult of death. The seeds of celery's wild ancestors originated around the Mediterranean and they were widely used as a diuretic.
CULINARY USE
Celery is from the same family with parsley and fennel, the Umbelliferae family. The ribs of celery are crunchy and are often used to make soup like been or fish soup and salad. It has a salty taste, so celery juice is a good mix with the sweeter fruit juices. Depending on variety, some may taste very salty.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Some chemopreventive activity of methanolic extract of Apium graveolens seeds (celery seeds) has been showed although more invstigesions are required. Antioxidant and antiflammatory activity of celery extracted seems derived from its flavonoids and tritepenoids, Apium graviolens is used as a heart tonic and for low blood pressure as also The plants used for kidney problems The following plants have established analgesic or sedative effects: Apium
References
1. Lans CA. Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006
2. Zhou K, Zhao F, Liu Z, Zhuang Y, Chen L, Qiu FTriterpenoids and flavonoids from celery (Apium graveolens).. J Nat Prod. 2009 Sep;72(9):1563-7.
3. Mencherini T, Cau A, Bianco G, Della Loggia R, Aquino RP, Autore G.
An extract of Apium graveolens var. dulce leaves: structure of the major constituent, apiin, and its anti-inflammatory properties.J Pharm Pharmacol. 2007
4. Sultana S, Ahmed S, Jahangir T, Sharma S.Inhibitory effect of celery seeds extract on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis: modulation of cell proliferation, metabolism and altered hepatic foci development. Cancer Lett. 2005
5.J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol. 2007 Apr 1;307(4):199-206.Apium graveolens modulates sodium valproate-induced reproductive toxicity in rats.Hamza AA, Amin A.
6. Lans CA. Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006
7. Faeste CK, Jonscher KR, Sit L, Klawitter J, Løvberg KE, Moen LH Differentiating cross-reacting allergens in the immunological analysis of celery (Apium graveolens) by mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int. 2010
USEFUL NOTES
Celery is among a small group of foods (headed by peanuts) that appear to provoke the most severe allergic reactions; for people with celery allergy, exposure can cause potentially fatal anaphylactic shock.[7] The allergen does not appear to be destroyed at cooking temperatures. Seeds contain the highest levels of allergen content.
Assessment of component-resolved in vitro diagnosis of celeriac allergy.
Bauermeister K, Ballmer-Weber BK, Bublin M, Fritsche P, Hanschmann KM, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Lidholm J, Oberhuber C, Randow S, Holzhauser T, Vieths S.
CORIANDER (Coriandrum sativum)
.Coriander is native to Meditarrenaen, North Africa and to to southwestern Asia. It is found wild in Egypt and the Sudan, and sometimes in English fields. The word derives from German “coriandrum” in turn from Greek “κορίαννον”. The name coriander is derived from the Greek word koris, which means bug. The young plant, if bruised, gives out a strong, unpleasant odor that is often associated with bedbugs. Later, when the plant matures, this odor is lost completely and coriander becomes a fragrant spice that's commonly added to beverages, liquors, and perfumes.
1. Chatzopoulou A, Karioti A, Gousiadou C, Lax Vivancos V, Kyriazopoulos P, Golegou S, Skaltsa H.
2. Depsides and other polar constituents from Origanum dictamnus L. and their in vitro antimicrobial activity in clinical strains. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 May 26;58(10):6064-8.
3. Harvala C, Menounos P, Argyriadou N. Essential Oil from Origanum dictamnus. Planta Med. 1987.
USEFUL NOTES
The Greek philosopher Aristotle in his work The History of Animals (612a4) wrote:
"Wild goats in Crete are said, when wounded by arrow, to go in search of dittany, which is supposed to have the property of ejecting arrows in the body."
Dill (Anethum graveolens)
is a short-lived perennial herb. It is the sole species of the genus Anethum, Dill is native to southern Russia, western Africa and the Mediterranean region
CULINARY USE
Dill is added to p
ickles, salad dressing and fish dishes. Fresh dill is available at markets during the summer and early fall while dried dill is available throughout the year. It compliments fish dishes; goes well with smoked salmon, cheese, egg dishes, sour cream and yogurt. Dill seeds in combination with vinegar and spices make a great pickling agent. The seeds are stronger and more flavorful than the leaves and are most commonly associated with the cuisines of Scandinavia and Germany.HEALTH BENEFITS
Dill's unique health benefits come from two types of healing components: monoterpenes, including carvone, limonene, and anethofuran; and flavonoids, including kaempferol and vicenin. The monoterpene components of dill have been shown to activate the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase, which helps attach the anti-oxidant molecule glutathione to oxidized molecules that would otherwise do damage in the body.
References
Kaur GJ, Arora DS Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of Anethum graveolens, Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2009.
Bahramikia S, Yazdanparast R.Efficacy of different fractions of Anethum graveolens leaves on serum lipoproteins and serum and liver oxidative status in experimentally induced hypercholesterolaemic rat models.
Am J Chin Med. 2009;
Hajhashemi V, Abbasi N.Hypolipidemic activity of Anethum graveolens in rats.
Phytother Res. 2008
USEFUL NOTES
Dill can be planted as seeds in your garden; and you they don't require much care, which is perfect if you are not considered a gardener.
PARSLEY (Petroselinum)
The botanical name Petroselinum comes from the Greek word for stone, which is petro, given to parsley because it was found growing on rocky hillsides in Greece. The Ancient Greeks did not use parsley in cooking but only as symbol of oblivion and death.
CULINARY USE
In modern cooking, parsley is used for its leaf in much the same way as coriander (which is also known as Chinese parsley or cilantro), although parsley is percieved to have a milder flavor.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Parsley is rich in vitamins and minerals, particularly vitamins A and C, and compounds that clear toxins from the body. It also reduces inflammations, contains histamine inhibitors. Many cardiovascular diseases as arterial hypertension are associated with an increase in blood platelet activity and seems that dietary intake of parsley may be benefit in the normalization of platelet hyperactivation, in the nutritional prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
References
1. Gadi D, Bnouham M, Aziz M, Ziyyat A, Legssyer A, Legrand C, Lafeve FF, Mekhfi H.. Parsley extract inhibits in vitro and ex vivo platelet aggregation and prolongs bleeding time in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009
2. Jimenez-Alvarez D, Giuffrida F, Golay PA, Cotting C, Lardeau A, Keely BJ
Antioxidant activity of oregano, parsley, and olive mill wastewaters in bulk oils and oil-in-water emulsions enriched in fish oil., J Agric Food Chem.2008
USEFUL NOTES
• Oxalic acid is found in parsley ((1.70% by mass). Oxalic acid prevents calcium absorption and may also contribute to gallstones and kidney stones. For the average person that eats a balanced diet, the small amounts of oxalic acid will not be a health factor. However, those with low calcium health concerns will not want to eat excessive amounts of parsley.
LOVAGE SELINO ((Levisticum officinale)
In many other European languages the word for lovage derives from Latin ligusticus (meaning "of Liguria", as the herb used to grow heartily in the Liguria region of northwest Italy), through its alteration levisticum. It has been written that in the Middle ages, people stuffed this herb into their boots to keep their feet fresh! Today lovage can be used in place of recipes calling for celery to get a similar flavor. This herb is also known as European lovage, lavose and sea parsley.
CULINARY USE
Lovage is easy to grow, and grows. Plants usually last about four years, then would need to be replaced. It is grown in a relatively dry climate with a preference of watering.
Lovage is a great celery substitute if one cannot grow celery . Use not only the leaves, but the hollow stems in dishes for that great taste. Lovage is a potent herb, so not much is needed.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Ground dried or fresh root is sometimes used as a diuretic. One teaspoon fresh or dried root in one cup of water is the usual recipe. Lovage also presents antimycobacterial activity becayse of polyacetylenes
Refferences
Schinkovitz A, Stavri M, Gibbons S, Bucar FAntimycobacterial polyacetylenes from Levisticum officinale. Phytother Res. 2008 .
USEFUL NOTES
Lovage should not be used medicinally by people with kidney problems.
CELERY (Apium graveolens )
Celery is a plant species commonly known as celery (var. dulce) or celeriac (var. rapaceum) depending on whether the petioles (stalks) or roots are eaten. The word celery is derived from Latin, celeri which means quick acting, and presumably refers to its therapeutic properties. Another meaning refers to the the French céleri coming from the Lombard term, seleri, from the Latin selinon, borrowed from Greek. Celery's Mediterranean origins are still commemorated in the French expression céleri d'Italie.
Celery is a native of Europe and Asia. It is now grown widely in temperate regions and in tropical mountains.
A chthonian symbol among the ancient Greeks, celery was said to have sprouted from the blood of Kadmilos, father of the Cabeiri, chthonian divinities celebrated in Samothrace, Lemnos and Thebes. The spicy odour and dark leaf colour encouraged this association with the cult of death. The seeds of celery's wild ancestors originated around the Mediterranean and they were widely used as a diuretic.
CULINARY USE
Celery is from the same family with parsley and fennel, the Umbelliferae family. The ribs of celery are crunchy and are often used to make soup like been or fish soup and salad. It has a salty taste, so celery juice is a good mix with the sweeter fruit juices. Depending on variety, some may taste very salty.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Some chemopreventive activity of methanolic extract of Apium graveolens seeds (celery seeds) has been showed although more invstigesions are required. Antioxidant and antiflammatory activity of celery extracted seems derived from its flavonoids and tritepenoids, Apium graviolens is used as a heart tonic and for low blood pressure as also The plants used for kidney problems The following plants have established analgesic or sedative effects: Apium
References
1. Lans CA. Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006
2. Zhou K, Zhao F, Liu Z, Zhuang Y, Chen L, Qiu FTriterpenoids and flavonoids from celery (Apium graveolens).. J Nat Prod. 2009 Sep;72(9):1563-7.
3. Mencherini T, Cau A, Bianco G, Della Loggia R, Aquino RP, Autore G.
An extract of Apium graveolens var. dulce leaves: structure of the major constituent, apiin, and its anti-inflammatory properties.J Pharm Pharmacol. 2007
4. Sultana S, Ahmed S, Jahangir T, Sharma S.Inhibitory effect of celery seeds extract on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis: modulation of cell proliferation, metabolism and altered hepatic foci development. Cancer Lett. 2005
5.J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol. 2007 Apr 1;307(4):199-206.Apium graveolens modulates sodium valproate-induced reproductive toxicity in rats.Hamza AA, Amin A.
6. Lans CA. Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006
7. Faeste CK, Jonscher KR, Sit L, Klawitter J, Løvberg KE, Moen LH Differentiating cross-reacting allergens in the immunological analysis of celery (Apium graveolens) by mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int. 2010
USEFUL NOTES
Celery is among a small group of foods (headed by peanuts) that appear to provoke the most severe allergic reactions; for people with celery allergy, exposure can cause potentially fatal anaphylactic shock.[7] The allergen does not appear to be destroyed at cooking temperatures. Seeds contain the highest levels of allergen content.
Assessment of component-resolved in vitro diagnosis of celeriac allergy.
Bauermeister K, Ballmer-Weber BK, Bublin M, Fritsche P, Hanschmann KM, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Lidholm J, Oberhuber C, Randow S, Holzhauser T, Vieths S.
CORIANDER (Coriandrum sativum)
.Coriander is native to Meditarrenaen, North Africa and to to southwestern Asia. It is found wild in Egypt and the Sudan, and sometimes in English fields. The word derives from German “coriandrum” in turn from Greek “κορίαννον”. The name coriander is derived from the Greek word koris, which means bug. The young plant, if bruised, gives out a strong, unpleasant odor that is often associated with bedbugs. Later, when the plant matures, this odor is lost completely and coriander becomes a fragrant spice that's commonly added to beverages, liquors, and perfumes.
CULINARY USE
In Greek cooking, coriander is used with pork, mushrooms, in chocolate for cakes The commonest use of coriander seed is in curry powders, where it is the bulkiest constituent, often rough ground in India to give a crunchy texture. The seeds can be likewise used in stews and soups The leaves are always used fresh. They are sprinkled like parsley on cooked dishes, minced or puréed in sauces, soups and curries, especially bhuna. Both seeds and leaves can be used in salads
a. An aromatic annual Eurasian herb (Coriandrum sativum) in the parsley family, having parsleylike leaves and umbels of tiny white to pinkish flowers. It is cultivated for its edible fruits, leafy shoots, and roots.
HEALTH BENEFITS
Coriander seed oil is an aromatic stimulant, a carminative (remedial in flatulence), an appetizer and a digestant stimulating the stomach and intestines. Coriander fruit exhibits gut modulatory, blood pressure lowering and diuretic activities. Coriander oil has broad-spectrum, antimicrobial activity. Based on the history of consumption of coriander oil without reported adverse effects, lack of its toxicity in limited studies and lack of toxicity of its major constituent, linalool, the use of coriander oil as an added food ingredient is considered safe at present levels of use. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is traditionally used for various gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders and this study was designed to rationalize its use in dyspepsia, abdominal colic, diarrhea, hypertension and as diuretic. These results indicate that coriander fruit exhibits gut stimulatory, inhibitory and hypotensive effects mediating possibly through cholinergic, Ca(2+) antagonist and the combination of these mechanisms respectively. Diuretic activity adds value to its use in hypertension.
References
1. Burdock GA, Carabin IGSafety assessment of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil as a food ingredient.. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009
2. Reyes MR, Reyes-Esparza J, Angeles OT, Rodríguez-Fragoso L.
Mutagenicity and Safety Evaluation of Water Extract of Coriander sativum Leaves. J Food Sci. 2010
3. Chithra V, Leelamma S. Coriandrum sativum changes the levels of lipid peroxides and activity of antioxidant enzymes in experimental animals. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1999 Feb;36(1):59-61 1999..
4. Delaquis PJ, Stanich K, Girard B et al. Antimicrobial activity of individual and mixed fractions of dill, cilantro, coriander and eucalyptus essential oils. Int J Food Microbiol. 2002 Mar 25;74(1-2):101-9 2002.
5. Kubo I, Fujita K, Kubo A, Nihei K, Ogura T. Antibacterial Activity of Coriander Volatile Compounds against Salmonella choleraesuis. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jun 2;52(11):3329-32. 2004.
USEFUL NOTES
* Whenever possible, buy whole coriander seeds instead of coriander powder since the latter loses its flavor more quickly, and coriander seeds can be easily ground with a mortar and pestle.
*Choose leaves with an even green color and no sign of wilting. Store a bunch of coriander, stems down, in a glass of water with a plastic bag over the leaves. Refrigerate in this manner for up to a week, changing the water every 2 days.
CLOVE PINK OR CARNATION or carnation (.Dianthus caryophyllus )is a species of Dianthus.
It is probably native to the Mediterranean region but its exact range is unknown due to extensive cultivation for the last 2,000 years. Carnation is the national flower of Spain, salad. Two distinct categories exist: florists’ and border types. Both have double flowers,
Some scholars believe that the name "carnation" comes from the Latin "caro" (genitive "carnis") (flesh), which refers to the original colour of the flower, or incarnatio (incarnation), which refers to the incarnation of God made flesh. Latin name garofolum is derived from greek ancient word “caryofyllon”
CULINARY USE
It is an edible flower with a spicy odor. In the past it has been used to spice wine and beer, and as a substitute for the more expensive clove. Nowdays clove is common ingredient for Greek desserts as spoon sweets , honey pie etc
HEALTH BENEFITS
Although some remedies referred to an anti parasite activity of cloves there is not any scientific evidence for particular health benefit.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Sep 5;373(4):473-7. Epub 2008 May 7.
Detection of 1-O-malylglucose: pelargonidin 3-O-glucose-6''-O-malyltransferase activity in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus).
Reference
Abe Y, Tera M, Sasaki N, Okamura M, Umemoto N, Momose M, Kawahara N, Kamakura H, Goda Y, Nagasawa K, Ozeki Y
MASTIC (Pistacia lentiscus , Greek: μαστίχα)
Coriander seed oil is an aromatic stimulant, a carminative (remedial in flatulence), an appetizer and a digestant stimulating the stomach and intestines. Coriander fruit exhibits gut modulatory, blood pressure lowering and diuretic activities. Coriander oil has broad-spectrum, antimicrobial activity. Based on the history of consumption of coriander oil without reported adverse effects, lack of its toxicity in limited studies and lack of toxicity of its major constituent, linalool, the use of coriander oil as an added food ingredient is considered safe at present levels of use. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is traditionally used for various gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders and this study was designed to rationalize its use in dyspepsia, abdominal colic, diarrhea, hypertension and as diuretic. These results indicate that coriander fruit exhibits gut stimulatory, inhibitory and hypotensive effects mediating possibly through cholinergic, Ca(2+) antagonist and the combination of these mechanisms respectively. Diuretic activity adds value to its use in hypertension.
References
1. Burdock GA, Carabin IGSafety assessment of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil as a food ingredient.. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009
2. Reyes MR, Reyes-Esparza J, Angeles OT, Rodríguez-Fragoso L.
Mutagenicity and Safety Evaluation of Water Extract of Coriander sativum Leaves. J Food Sci. 2010
3. Chithra V, Leelamma S. Coriandrum sativum changes the levels of lipid peroxides and activity of antioxidant enzymes in experimental animals. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1999 Feb;36(1):59-61 1999..
4. Delaquis PJ, Stanich K, Girard B et al. Antimicrobial activity of individual and mixed fractions of dill, cilantro, coriander and eucalyptus essential oils. Int J Food Microbiol. 2002 Mar 25;74(1-2):101-9 2002.
5. Kubo I, Fujita K, Kubo A, Nihei K, Ogura T. Antibacterial Activity of Coriander Volatile Compounds against Salmonella choleraesuis. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jun 2;52(11):3329-32. 2004.
USEFUL NOTES
* Whenever possible, buy whole coriander seeds instead of coriander powder since the latter loses its flavor more quickly, and coriander seeds can be easily ground with a mortar and pestle.
*Choose leaves with an even green color and no sign of wilting. Store a bunch of coriander, stems down, in a glass of water with a plastic bag over the leaves. Refrigerate in this manner for up to a week, changing the water every 2 days.
CLOVE PINK OR CARNATION or carnation (.Dianthus caryophyllus )is a species of Dianthus.
It is probably native to the Mediterranean region but its exact range is unknown due to extensive cultivation for the last 2,000 years. Carnation is the national flower of Spain, salad. Two distinct categories exist: florists’ and border types. Both have double flowers,
Some scholars believe that the name "carnation" comes from the Latin "caro" (genitive "carnis") (flesh), which refers to the original colour of the flower, or incarnatio (incarnation), which refers to the incarnation of God made flesh. Latin name garofolum is derived from greek ancient word “caryofyllon”
CULINARY USE
It is an edible flower with a spicy odor. In the past it has been used to spice wine and beer, and as a substitute for the more expensive clove. Nowdays clove is common ingredient for Greek desserts as spoon sweets , honey pie etc
HEALTH BENEFITS
Although some remedies referred to an anti parasite activity of cloves there is not any scientific evidence for particular health benefit.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Sep 5;373(4):473-7. Epub 2008 May 7.
Detection of 1-O-malylglucose: pelargonidin 3-O-glucose-6''-O-malyltransferase activity in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus).
Reference
Abe Y, Tera M, Sasaki N, Okamura M, Umemoto N, Momose M, Kawahara N, Kamakura H, Goda Y, Nagasawa K, Ozeki Y
MASTIC (Pistacia lentiscus , Greek: μαστίχα)
Chios mastic gum, a resin produced by the Pistacia lentiscus tree (an evergreen shrub from the pistachio tree family), has been used for a variety of gastric ailments in Mediterranean and Mideast countries for at least 3,000 years.
The name is derived probably from Grek word "μαστάζω "= chew, "μάσταξ"=mouth. Masticha looks like rock candy and has a distinctive taste and chewiness. It is a 100% Greek product, and as such is registered by the European Union as PDO (PGI) name. It is only produced on the island of Chios, in the Aegean Sea, and especially in the Southern part in the Mastic villages or the so called 'Mastichohoria'.
CULINARY USE
Mastic resin is a relatively expensive kind of spice, that has been used, principally, as a chewing gum, for at least 2,400 years. In adittion the aromatic, ivory coloured resin, also known as mastic, is harvested as a spice. As a spice, it continues to be used in Greece to flavour spirits and liquors (such as Chios's native drinks of Mastichato and mastica), chewing gum and a number of cakes, pastries, spoon sweets and desserts. Chios Mastic is known for many years and has always being produced in the traditional manner. It has medicinal, pharmaceutical and industrial applications.
There are different variations in the elaboration of Masticha; there is chewing gum named Masticha, drink named Masticha, and delicacy named Masticha.
The product comprises a significant source of agricultural income and foreign exchange for the island of Chios.
HEALTH BENEFIT
In ancient times, mastic gum was highly revered for its medicinal properties in the relief of dyspepsia and other intestinal disorders. The benefits of this naturally occurring resin are now being rediscovered for their antimicrobial effects.
CMG mainly consists of triterpenes of the oleanane, euphane, and lupane types and -tocopherol . Latest analysis indicated that the acidic fraction of CMG extract consists of triterpenic acids with major oleanonic acid content, while the neutral fraction consists of neutral triterpenic compounds (alcohols and aldehydes), as well as phytosterols like tirucallol . Several studies have already been published on mastic gum with regard to its positive effects on the gastrointestinal environment, especially against at least seven different strains of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). H. pylori is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections in humans and affects most populations throughout the world. Additionally, mastic gum is already known for its antioxidant capacity, Recent studies demonstrate that Chios mastic induces apoptosis and possesses antiproliferative activity in colon cancer cells. CMG has also been associated with cardiovascular protection, exerting its effect mainly through increasing the antioxidant defense system and effectively lowering the levels of serum cholesterol in human subjects. Moreover, CMG extract has been shown to inhibit human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vitro and oxidized LDL cytotoxic effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) .
References
1. Koutsoudaki C, Krsek M, Rodger A. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and the gum of Pistacia lentiscus Var. chia. J Agric Food Chem 53:7681–7685, 2005.[Medline]
2. Dedoussis GV, Kaliora AC, Psarras S, Chiou A, Mylona A, Papadopoulos NG, Andrikopoulos Nk. Antiatherogenic effect of Pistacia lentiscus via GSH restoration and downregulation of CD36 mRNA expression. Atherosclerosis 174:293–303, 2004.[Medline]
3. Paraschos S, Magiatis P, Mitakou S, Petraki K, Kalliaropoulos A, Maragkoudakis P, Mentis A, Sgouras D, Skaltsounis AL. In vitro and in vivo activities of Chios mastic gum extracts and constituents against Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:551–559, 2007.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4. Balan KV, Prince J, Han Z, Dimas K, Cladaras M, Wyche JH, Sitaras NM, Pantazis P. Antiproliferative activity and induction of apoptosis in human colon cancer cells treated in vitro with constituents of a product derived from Pistacia lentiscus L. var. chia. Phytomedicine 14:263–272, 2007.[Medline]
5. Loizou S, Paraschos S, Mitakou S, Chrousos GP, Lekakis I, Moutsatsou P.
Chios mastic gum extract and isolated phytosterol tirucallol exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2009 May.
6. Dabos KJ, Sfika E, Vlatta LJ, Giannikopoulos G. The effect of mastic gum on Helicobacter pylori: a randomized pilot study.
Phytomedicine. 2010
Dabos KJ, Sfika E, Vlatta LJ, Frantzi D, Amygdalos GI, Giannikopoulos G. Is Chios mastic gum effective in the treatment of functional dyspepsia? A prospective randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010
GENERAL NOTES
• Herbs plant can be grown in a pot in the backyard so that fresh leaves are readily available for use whenever the need arises.
• Uncontrolled use of herbal remedies, known as alternative treatment methods, may lead to side effects and serious treatment complications.
• Serious complications and side effects can occur from uncontrolled use of herbal treatment products.
• Store herbs and spices in airtight containers, such as glass jars, plastic containers or tins. Leaves and flowers — 1 year store
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